lcd capacitive touchscreen

 compensation, 122, 126, 153 C curve, 178 compensator, 183 general LCOS mode, 178 geometrical PBS compensation, 166 head-on, 153 homeotropic LCs, 159, 175, 225, 227 HTPS, 227–234 in-plane, 154 MacNeille PBS/sheet polarizer combination, 169 off-axis, 153, 159 PBS/LCOS, 174 PBS/o-pate/mirror, 174 PBS/QWP/mirror, 174 self, 97, 160, 178 sheet polarizers, 164 VA LCOS, 176 complex number representation of polarization, 50 contrast, 9, 12, 16, 153–195 ANSI, 28, 30, 182, 186, 244, 272 3 x PBS/X-cube, 240–242, 244–245, 246 on-axis, 154 sensitivity, 24 sequential, 28, 182 shared PBS, 254–255 single-panel, 261–262 system, 194–195 transmissive HTPS system, 227–234 two-panel, 271–272 convergent back reflection, 36 converted band, 143 cosine series, 143 CP5600, 129 CQ3 3-panel LCOS system, 248–255 critical angle, 58 cross-talk, 30 crossed cylindrical lens arrays, 34 CRT-based projection system, 3–5 D DBEF, see brightness enhancement film (DBEF) degree of polarization, 53 depolarization, 153 design of retarder stack filters, 137 dichroic beam splitter, 13, 92, 270–271 see also dichroic mirror INDEX 283 dichroic filter, 11, 89–93, 203 angular dependence, 91 dichroic mirror, 92, 202, 215, 220–221 dichroic X-cube, 11, 204, 208, 220, 222 dielectric anisotropy, 108, 109, 280 dielectric properties, 108 dielectric tensor, 62, 278 diffraction efficiency, 5 diffractive light valve, 5 diffuser, 32 diffusive optics, 226 digital, 8 digital micromirror device (DMD), 7, 8 DILA, see light amplifiers direct-view display, 1 disclination, 6 discotic, 227 dispersion, 78 display active matrix liquid crystal (AMLCD), 1 cathode-ray tube (CRT), 1, 3–4 direct view, 1 electronic, 1 organic light emitting diode, 1 plasma, 1, 2 virtual, 1 display metrics, 22 dissipation function, 279 distortion barrel, 29 pin-cushion, 29 sag, 29 distortion, 5, 29, 35 DLA-SX21SU, DLA-HX1U, DLA-HD2K-SYS, 129 DLP, 8, 257–258 double notch RSF, 135 dye polarizer, 83 dynamic aperture stop, see auto-iris dynamic equations, 279 E EBU color gamut, 26, 198 eigenvector, 63 elastic constant, 111 elastic energy, 227 see also Frank free energy electric displacement D, 47 electrically controlled birefringence (ECB), 114, 116 284 INDEX electro-optical effect, 114 electrode, 7 electromagnetic field, 110 electromagnetic wave, 47 electronics display, 1 elliptical polarization, 51 elliptical reflector, 40, 43 ellipticity, 49, 100 étendue, 39, 41–44 e-type polarizer, 85, 86, 165, 166, 192 Euler–lagrange equations, 278 evaporated surface LC alignment, 111 expansion coefficient, 102 extended Jones’ matrix, 65 extraordinary (e)-mode, 63 eye’s sensitivity curve, 23 F (cid:2), 35–36 field, 35 field of view (FOV), 81, 124, 159, 226, 227 field strength E, 47 film rotation drum, 1 finite impulse response (FIR), 138 flat panel projection, 274 flicker, 30 f-number (f/# folding mirror, 30, 34, 220, 224 form birefringence, 79 Fourier transform, 137 Frank free energy, 110, 279 frequency transfer function, 138 Fresnel lens, 32 Fresnel reflection, 58, 91, 220, 223 Fresnel reflection coefficients, 5 fringe field, 11, 226 front projection, 1 Fuji Film, 227–230 G gain, see screen gain geometric plane, 96 Gibbs free energy, 279 glass, 102 absorption, 102 expansion coefficient, 102 photoelastic constant, 102 Young’s modulus, 102 graded dichroics, 203 H half-wave, 167, 170 handedness, 49 Harris, Amman and Chang (HAC) algorithm, 140 HD-52Z575, HD-61Z575, 129 head-on compensation, 153 high-angle capture, 35 high definition TV, 1 high-temperature polycrystalline silicon (HTPS), 10, 117 Hitachi, 129 hologram, 215, 273–274 homeotropic, 111, 159, 227 homogeneous, 111 homogenization, 37 human visual system, 10, 22 hybrid LC mode, 115 I image sticking, 112 impulse response, 137 index ellipsoid, 70 Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), 11, 223, 226 in-plane compensation, 154 in-plane switching, see IPS integrated circuit (IC), 7 integrator rod, see light-pipe interference, 131 interference filter, see dichroic filter interferometer, 129, 130 iodine polarizer, 83 IPS, 226 irradiance, 23 J Jones’ matrix formulation, 64 Jones’ vector representation, 51 just noticeable difference (JNDs), 28 JVC, 129, 215, 238, 248, 273 L lateral color, 35 lateral group, 107 LC alignment, see LC alignment bend, 110 cholesteric, 106 dielectric anisotropy, 108, 109, 280 dielectric properties, 108 disk-like, 105 dissipation function, 279 dynamic equations, 279 elastic constant, 111 elastic energy, 227 see also Frank free energy electro-optical effect, 114 field of view (FOV), 124, 159, 226, 227 Frank free energy, 110, 279 Gibbs free energy, 279 image sticking, 112 lateral group, 107 LC polymer (LCP), 78, 80, 172, 233 linking group, 107 lyotropic, 105 magnetic susceptibility, 109 melting point, 108 mesophase, 105 mixture, 108 nematic, 106 odd–even effect, 108 order parameter, 106 orientational order, 105 pitch, 106 positional order, 105 response time, 16, 113, 263 rod-like, 105 smectic, 106, 107 splay, 110 terminal group, 107 thermotropic, 105 twist, 110 viscosity, 108, 113 voltage holding ratio, 112 LC alignment, 111 anchoring direction, 117 evaporated surface, 111 homeotropic, 111, 159, 227 homogeneous, 111 polyimide (PI), 12, 111 pretilt angle, 111 rubbing, 111 vertically aligned (VA), 108 LC diffractive light valve, 6 LC polymer (LCP), 78, 80, 172, 233 LCD modes (cid:1) 45 reflective TN, 120, 154 (cid:1) 63.6 mixed TN (MTN), 121, 154 INDEX 285 MTN, 123 TN, 117, 154 (cid:1) 90 (cid:1) 90 bend, 115 Bragg reflection, 114 electrically controlled birefringence (ECB), 114, 116 hybrid, 115 LC diffractive light valve, 6 left handed TN, 6 light scatting, 114 non-90 normal black, 114 normally white, 114 polarization conversion efficiency TN LC, 178 (cid:1) (PCE), 116, 120, 121, 122, 123 reflective, 6 right handed TN, 6 splay, 115 super twisted nematic (STN), 112 transmissive, 11, 157 twisted nematic (TN), 6, 112 (cid:1) VA 90 vertical aligned ECB, 116 TN, 117, 154 LCOS, 13, 88, 129, 136, 153–195, 238–255, 257–272 left handed TN, 6 lens array, 11, 34 light amplifiers, 17 light-pipe, 37, 100, 258 light-pipe polarization conversion system, 40 light scattering, 114 light source, 40–41 arc, 40, 42 auto-iris, 41 elliptical reflector, 40, 43 parabolic reflector, 40, 43 ultra-high-pressure (UHP), 38, 40–41, 219 light valve, 1 linear PBS array conversion system, 39, 218, 258 linear polarization, 50 linear polarized polymer, see LPP linking group, 107 liquid crystal, see LC liquid crystal on silicon, see LCOS low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS), 10 LPP, 233 lumen, 12 luminance, 1 lux (lm/m2(cid:2), 30 286 INDEX Lyot and Ohmann filter, 132 lyotropic, 105 M Mach–Zehnder interferometer, 130 MacNeille PBS, 14, 94, 157, 171, 175, 238 magnetic field H, 47 magnetic flux density B, 47 magnetic susceptibility, 109 magnification, 35 Maxwell’s field equation, 47, 277 MD, 226 melting point, 108 mesophase, 105 mica, 79 micro-optical elements, 32 microdisplay-based projection systems, 7 microlens array, 12, 34, 215, 224, 273 micromechanical diffractive grating light valves, 16 mirror, 100 misalignment, 175 modeling technique, 17, 72 modulation transfer function (MTF), 35 Moiré fringes, 34 multidomain, see MD multilayer birefringent cube (MBC) PBS, 97, 245 multilayer birefringent polarizers, 85 N N-BK7, 102 negative birefringence, 78, 80, 84, 159 nematic, 106 nits (cd/m2, lm/sr/m2(cid:2), 24 non-90 normally black mode, 114 normally white mode, 114 NRZ factor, 81 TN LC modes, 178 (cid:1) MacNeille/sheet polarizer, 169 paired MacNeille PBS, 166 PBS/LCOS, 175 sheet polarizers, 160 off-telecentric, see telecentricity on-axis contrast, 154 on-axis LCOS system, 115 o-plate, 78, 169, 171, 174, 178, 230, 232 order parameter, 106 ordinary (o)-mode, 63 organic light emitting diode display, 1 orientational order touch lcd, 105 orthogonal polarization states, 52 o-type polarizer, 85, 86, 97, 165, 166, 192, 240 overall system contrast, 194 overhead projector (OHP), 274 P panel, 1 parabolic reflector, 40, 43 parasitic capacitance, 11 partial polarization, 53 PBH56, 102 PBS, see polarizing beam splitter (PBS) p-component, 58, 91 perception, 22 perturbation, 153 phase, 48 phase compensator, 226 Philips color prism, 13, 208 photoelastic constant, 102 photometry ANSI lumens, 30 brightness, 22 eye’s sensitivity curve, 23 irradiance, 23 lumen, lm, 12 luminance, 1 lux (lm/m2(cid:2), 30 nits (cd/m2, lm/sr/m2(cid:2), 24 radiance, 23 O pi cell ((cid:3) cell), 213 see also LCD modes; bend LC mode oblique (o) plate, see o-plate odd–even effect, 108 off-axis, 4, 13, 14, 115, 158, 192–193, 246 off-axis compensation, 153, 159 off-axis effects geometrical PBS, 166 homeotropic LCs, 159 pile of plates polarizer, 59 pin-cushion distortion, 29 pitch, 106 pixel, 1 Planckian locus, 27, 28, 222 plasma display, 1, 2 Poincaré sphere, 54, 118, 154 polarization absolute phase, 50 amplitude, 48, 49 azimuthal, 49 Berreman 4 x 4, 68, 155, 172 Brewster’s angle, 58, 94 circular, 50, 54, 146 complex number representation, 50 critical angle, 58 degree of, 53 depolarization, 153 eigenvector, 63 ellipse, 49 elliptical, 51 ellipticity, 49, 100 ellipticity angle, 49, 54 extended Jones matrix, 65 extraordinary (e)-mode, 63 Fresnel reflection coefficients, 5 handedness, 49 index ellipsoid, 70 Jones’ matrix formulation, 64 Jones’ vector representation, 51 left-handed, 49 linear, 50 matrix formulation, 60, 61 modulating, 1, 5 modulation, 5 ordinary (o)-mode, 63 orthogonal polarization states, 52 partially polarized, 53 p-component, 58, 91 phase, 48 Poincaré sphere, 54, 118, 154 polarization pupil mapping, 167, 170 quasi-monochromatic light, 53 reflection, 57, 182 refraction, 57 right-handed, 49 s-component, 58, 91 small birefringent approximation, 63 state of (SOP), 50 Stokes’ parameters, 53 total internal reflection (TIR), 58, 101 unmodulating, 5 unpolarized, 53 polarization conversion efficiency, see LCD modes INDEX 287 polarization pupil mapping, 167, 170 polarizer, 83–88 absorptive, 17, 83 clean-up, 134, 137 dye, 83 e-type, 85, 86, 165, 166, 192 iodine, 83 multilayer birefringent, 85 o-type, 85, 86, 97, 165, 166, 192, 240 post, 157 pre-, 87, 88, 157 PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), 80, 83 reflective, 17, 85 sheet, 158 TAC (triacetyl cellulose), 83, 227 wire grid, 86 polarizing beam splitter (PBS), 13, 94, 114 3M reflective, see multilayer birefringent cube (MBC) PBS dichroic cube (MacNeille), 14, 94–96, 157, 171, 175, 238 geometric plane, 96 multilayer birefringent cube (MBC) PBS, 14, 97, 245 orthogonal coated surface, 188 parallel coated surface, 188 p-reflectivity Rp, 95, 99, 157, 194, 241 p-transmittance Tp, 99, 157, 194 rotation of polarization, 96 skew ray, 94, 166, 187 s-transmittance Ts, 99, 158, 194, 240 wire grid plate (WGP), 98, 175, 191, 242, 270 polarizing film, 34 polycarbonate, 80, 129 polycrystalline silicon (PS), 10 high-temperature (HTPS), 10, 117 low-temperature (LTPS), 10 parasitic capacitance, 11 polyimide (PI) LC alignment, 12, 111 polymer, 78, 86 polymer-dispersed LC (PDLC) device, 16 positional order, 105 positive birefringence, 78 pretilt angle, 111 primary color, 3, 11, 222 primary color band determination, 198–201 projection lens, 4, 5, 14, 35–36, 224 polarization conversion system (PCS), 39, 44 light-pipe, 40 linear PBS array, 39, 218, 258 back focal length, 35 convergent back reflection, 36 distortion, 35 288 INDEX projection lens (Continued) R efficiency, 224 f/#, 36 field, 35 high-angle capture, 35 lateral color, 35 magnification, 35 resolution, 35 telecentricity, 35 throw, 35 projection system CRT, 4–5 DLP, 7–10, 257–258 MacNeille 3 x PBS/X-cube lcd capacitive touchscreen, 14, 15 off-axis, 13, 14, 192–193, 246 PBS/X-cube, 208 Philips prism, 13, 14, 208 Schlieren, 5–6 single-panel, 257–270, 273–274 three-panel shared PBS, 15, 136–137, 204–208, 247–255 three-panel wire grid polarizer (WGP), 88 transmissive HTPS, 10–13, 217–234 two-panel, 270–272 Vikuiti, see multilayer birefringent cube (MBC) PBS projection system performance artifacts, see color, break-up brightness, see throughput color break-up, 10, 265–267, 269–270 color saturation, 10 contrast, 3, 153, 194–195, 225–234, 240–242, 244–245, 246, 254–255, 261–262 f/#, 167 gray scale, 153 magnification, 35 rainbow effect, 10 resolution, 3, 22, 239 size, 22, 239 throughput, 3, 12, 24, 219–225, 240, 254, 255 trapezoidal (keystone distortion), 5 uniformity, 22, 24, 102, 239 PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), 80, 83 Q quarter wave, 88, 89, 167 quarter-wave stack, 89 quartz, 79, 171 quasi-monochromatic light, 53 QWP, 182 radiance, 23 rear projection, 1 rear projection screen, 31 rear projection TV, see RPTV recirculation, 263–264 reflection, 57, 182 reflection invariance, 188 reflective mode, 5 reflective polarizer, 17, 85 reflectivity, 58, 85 refraction, 57 refractive index, 85 reliability, 10 resolution, 35 response time, 16, 113, 263 retarder, 77 retarder, see birefringence retarder stack, 14, 17, 129–151 retarder stack filter (RSF), 129 color enhancement filter, 135 color splitters/combiners, 136 converted band, 143 cosine series, 143 design, 137 diagonal touch screen 5.6 inch, 146 double notch, 135 even symmetry, 144 filter spectrum, 138 finite impulse response (FIR), 138 Fourier transform, 137 frequency transfer function, 138 Harris, Amman and Chang (HAC) algorithm, 140 impulse response, 137 Lyot and Ohmann filter, 132 off-diagonal, 146 optical filter, 134 reflection invariance, 188 reverse angle symmetry, 144 reverse order reflection/rotation, 150 reverse order rotation, 151 reverse order symmetry, 144, 145 reverse order with reflection, 148 rotational invariance, 143, 188 RSF angular profile mapping, 140 sine series, 143 skew ray compensated, 187 solc filter, 132 symmetric design, 143 three-panel projection, 247–255 two-panel projection, 272 unconverted band, 143 unitary Jones’ matrix, 143 yellow notch filter, 134 retinal irradiance, 22 right handed TN, 6 rod-like, 105 rotating prism, 213 rotational invariance, 143, 188 RPTV, 10, 24, 31, 33 rubbing LC alignment, 111 S sag, 29 sapphire, 84, 227 schlieren projection system, 5–6 s-component, 58, 91 screen, 31–34 screen gain, 33 SE 5500c, 220–225 Seiko-Epson, 217 self-compensation, 97, 160, 178 sensitivity to filter transition values, 200 sequential, 9, 122 sequential contrast, 28, 182 SF1, 102 SF2, 102 SF57HHT, 102 SF6, 102 shared PBS, 204, 205, 207, 245, 247, 248, 254, 270, 272 sharp, 273 sheet polarizer, 158 signal-dependent non-uniform, 30 single-panel system, see projection system skew ray, 94, 166, 187 smectic, 106, 107 SMPTE color gamut, 26 Snell’s law, 58 solc filter, 132 Sony, 10, 217 Sony Grand WEGA, 10 source, see ultra-high-pressure (UHP) mercury lamp spatial color recombination, 203–204 spatial color separation, 202–203 spatial frequency, 24 spectrum, 22 splay, 110, 226 INDEX 289 angle, 233 splay LC mode, 115 state of polarization (SOP), 50 static random access memory (SRAM), 7 Stokes’ parameters, 53 stress induced birefringence, 101 stretch, 80, 129 substrate, 101 super twisted nematic (STN), 112 surface-stabilized ferroelectric LCs (SSFLCs), 16 SX21, 129, 248 SX50, 129 symmetric RSF design, 143 sync shutter, 1 system efficiency 3 x PBS/X-cube, 240, 244, 245, 255 collection, 41–44, 219 color correction, 222–223, 259–260 color management, 220, 259 illumination, 219, 258 imaging system, 260 modulation system, 223–224, 260 panel overfill, 220 RSF systems, see shared PBS shared PBS, 249, 254, 255 single-panel, 258–261, 262 transmissive HTPS system, 224–225 two-panel, 269 T TAC (triacetyl cellulose), 83, 227 telecentricity, 35, 37, 42, 126, 178, 191–192, 203, 246 temporal color balance, 259–261, 269 temporal color mixing (cross-talk), 262–263, 264 terminal group, 107 thermal expansion, 244 thermotropic, 105 three-panel system, see projection system throughput, see system efficiency throw, 35 time multiplexing, 9 total internal reflection (TIR), 58, 101 total internal reflection (TIR) prism, 8, 59, 258 transmissive mode, 5 transmissivity, 58 trim filters, 203 tristimulus curves, see color, matching functions TV cabinet, 34 twist, 110